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[Music]

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hello and welcome to a special virtual

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edition of NASA science live my name is

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Dalia Kirschbaum and I'm an earth

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scientist at NASA today marks the 50th

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anniversary of Earth Day and while we

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can't be together due to social

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distancing practices were virtually

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commemorating this event with scientists

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and engineers from across the u.s. ready

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to talk to you about amazing things that

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are happening at NASA to study our

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planet but first let's take a moment to

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reflect and appreciate the one and only

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Earth earth home

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of all the planets nASA has explored

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none have matched the dynamic complexity

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deserts tropical forests icy poles

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massive storms rage over land and oceans

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a unique atmosphere protects and

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insulates us liquid water spans its vast

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surface and a delicate balance of

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systems gives way to a kaleidoscope of

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life earth is a very special place from

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the vantage point of space the

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perspective of sky and sea and all

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across the land we study our planet not

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only to learn about it but also to

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protect it

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[Music]

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on this 50th anniversary of Earth Day we

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are finding ourselves in a much

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different world than we've experienced

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before at NASA we study how our

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environment is changing using NASA and

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partner satellites that orbit the earth

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high above for example we've seen

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reduced nitrogen dioxide emissions over

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major cities as a result of changing

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factory operations with NASA's suite of

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satellites instruments and models we are

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studying our home planet 24 hours a day

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seven days a week every day of the year

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so joining us now to talk about NASA's

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unparalleled contributions to earth

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science is NASA Administrator Jim

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bridenstine Jim thank you so much for

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joining us and how are you doing well

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thank you for having me I'm doing fine

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I'm actually doing really well as you

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can see I'm in my home as many people

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right now are in their homes following

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the guidance of the Center for Disease

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Control and we are we are all a family

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here my my three children are out of

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school I've got a 14 year old a 12 year

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old and an 8 year old my wife is here

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and my mother-in-law lives with us we

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have two dogs and as you can see my

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living room is now the NASA headquarters

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so what I'm hoping is during this

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interview we won't have any maybe

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screaming kids or dogs barking but we'll

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see how it goes but I will tell you the

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the the NASA workforce across the entire

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agency a lot of people are working from

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home and it's it's not easy especially

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when kids are out of school and you know

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you know spouses are working from home

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at the same time so look I know there's

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a lot of challenges out there but we've

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got a lot of very important missions

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going forward we do have mission

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essential functions that we're

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continuing to work on as an agency and

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of course we have this really unique

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opportunity to study the earth right now

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during this pandemic when you know

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production across the globe is down and

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we're able to learn things that

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otherwise we might not be able to learn

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so we definitely want to get this

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pandemic behind us we definitely want to

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get back to

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our normal ways of life but in the mean

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time this is a really unique opportunity

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and and and so NASA intends to take

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advantage of it well thank you so much

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and and really talking about how NASA

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observes the earth you know looking back

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over the last 50 years of Earth Day and

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60 years of NASA earth science what do

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you see as some of the most important

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discoveries well you know nASA has

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really a very unique perspective when

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you talk about looking at the Earth from

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space and we're always sensing the earth

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in all parts of the electromagnetic

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spectrum and we're able to look at the

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different parts of the Earth's system

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specifically and then and then make an

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effort to to see how they affect each

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other so the lithosphere which is of

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course the study of the land and and the

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hydrosphere which is the study of the

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water and the cryosphere the study of

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the ice the atmosphere all of these

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different spheres that make up the

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Earth's system are all very very

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important and we're starting to right

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now understand how they feed into the

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whole system you know we think about you

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know we see the oceans rising and we see

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the ice melting and how does that affect

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as you know how does that affect how the

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climate is changing

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we know that the ice reflects the energy

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from the Sun and we know that the ocean

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absorbs energy from the Sun and so

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there's a feedback mechanism there where

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we're actually seeing the warming

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exacerbated by the melting ice at the

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same time carbon dioxide it B is a

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greenhouse gas but it's also used by

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plants for food and so we're seeing in a

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lot of parts of the globe we're seeing a

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greening of the earth and the greening

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of the earth has a feedback mechanism

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that actually works in the opposite

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direction against the the global warming

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that we're seeing so some of these

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feedback mechanisms have a longer delay

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some of them are immediate and really

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you know what we're doing right now as

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an agency is trying to

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understand it I guess the important

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thing is we need to we need to

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acknowledge how much we don't understand

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and that NASA is exceptionally unique in

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its ability to learn what we don't know

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and there's a there's so much left to do

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there what we're learning every day is

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how much we don't know that's what we're

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learning and NASA is in this unique

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position to to to get us a better

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understanding so that we can move

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forward with better models you know

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sometimes you know these models they're

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all over the map especially if you get

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past five years we want to get better

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modeling so we know kind of what the

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future holds and how we can respond to

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it and certainly the only way to get

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better models is to get more data and

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feedback data into the models and NASA

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is uniquely positioned to do these

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activities here on Earth Day these are

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things that we want to highlight that

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NASA is uniquely situated to do well I

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mean you highlight just these complex

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systems in the role of satellites not

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only looking into the solar system but

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also pointing right down at Earth so if

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we take a question from social media

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from being suja's on Instagram they're

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asking specifically about the ozone

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layer and they asked is it really

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healing what do we know what is NASA

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satellite data and models telling us

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about the ozone layer absolutely so you

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know NASA has been at the forefront of

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this issue now for decades and of course

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following the Montreal Protocol what we

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are now seeing is that it is in fact

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working and as it works we need to

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continue working the Montreal Protocol I

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will tell you one of the challenges is

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not all nations on the planet even

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though they're signatories to it they

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don't always follow it I'll tell you

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this NASA is uniquely positioned to be

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able to quickly identify what nations

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are not following it call them out and

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mitigate those challenges but we know

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that the ozone layer is healing and over

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the course of time it will heal even

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more and because of what NASA is doing

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all of humanity will be better off well

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thank you so much for joining us I think

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you know one last very quick

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you know what's for the future what are

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you excited about it NASA looking

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forward for earth science I'll tell you

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I get really excited about a couple a

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couple of very important things we talk

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about the the population of the globe

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increasing and how are we going to feed

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these these these increases in

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populations all over the world you know

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NASA has a lot of science capabilities

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in orbit around the Earth like I said

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we're looking at the earth in every part

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of the spectrum and of course making

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determinations about how we can improve

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lives one area where we're seeing some

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significant progress is increasing crop

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yields we're using Landsat 7 for example

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to make measurements of what we call

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evapo transpiration which is basically a

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measurement of how much moisture is

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being evaporated from the soil and how

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much plants are transpiring or think of

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it as plants breathing and we can come

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up with a precise measurement down to a

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quarter of an acre to help farmers very

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precisely figure out how to irrigate

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down to a quarter of an acre and what

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we're finding is that by doing this

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farmers are able to increase crop yields

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while reducing water usage by about 25

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percent and at the same time preserving

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nitrates in the soil and that's why the

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crop yields actually go up so we're very

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excited about using NASA's earth science

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capabilities to increase crop yields

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preserve the environment those nitrates

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that I mean that's a pollutant when it

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gets in the water supply then we have to

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clean it out so that we can actually

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drink the water that's very expensive

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for state governments and municipalities

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and so if farmers can more precisely

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irrigate and increase increased crop

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yields save water preserve nitrates in

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the soil all tremendously important and

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then we're using the international space

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station we're testing a mission we call

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eco stress so we can actually measure

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the stress on a plant based on how much

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irrigation it's getting and you know

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every plant has stomata which breathe

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think of how a plant breathe and those

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stomata

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when the plant gets stressed it's not

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getting enough water that stomata closes

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and then the temperature of the plant

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goes up well we can measure the

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temperature of the plant from space and

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and we can determine if a plant is

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stressed weeks ahead of when a farmer

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would know and the farmer can then

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respond and and irrigate or maybe do

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provide you know fertilizer or something

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that the plant needs these are all

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things that are second and third

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benefits to let NASA has been doing on

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the earth side for many years and then

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of course I'm I'm really excited about a

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mission called grace which is helping us

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understand how how the gravity of the

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earth changes if you can imagine that

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wherever you are on earth the gravity is

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a certain amount depending on where you

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are the gravity is different I know that

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sounds strange we don't feel it it's

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very very small but it's based on how

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water moves around the earth and we can

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make determinations as to you know

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whether or not aquifers are full and how

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much water is going to be available into

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the future in different parts of the

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world so NASA earth science is just

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doing amazing work it's improving lives

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we're better able to predict droughts

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we're gonna feed more of the world than

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ever before and we're gonna get a better

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understanding of how our human activity

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is affecting the climate so that in the

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future policymakers can make really good

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decisions so here on Earth Day I would

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just like to encourage everybody to know

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and be aware of the great work that NASA

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is doing and we will continue doing it

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our our earth science budget today is

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higher than it's ever been in history

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and and in fact and that's because of

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the great work that's being done and and

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and we're learning so much all the time

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well thank you so much for joining us

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administrator bridenstine well thank you

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for having me it's been a pleasure well

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we really enjoy hearing how you know we

293
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can connect the satellites all the way

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to the field scale and how this is so

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important for studying our home planet

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Earth now many of you may think of just

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NASA space shuttles and maybe satellites

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but you know that one of the A's and now

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is aeronautics so up next we're going to

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talk with a project leader of a new type

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of aircraft this small experimental

302
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plane is powered by electricity known as

303
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the x57 Maxwell it'll help make flying

304
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cleaner quieter and more sustainable

305
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let's take a look at this aircraft the

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x57 Maxwell is NASA's first manned

307
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explain in almost 20 years it's a small

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experimental airplane that is powered

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fully by electricity all-electric

310
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airplane technology can make flying

311
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cleaner quieter and more sustainable

312
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throttle is idle right motor area clear

313
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with electric power the x57 will

314
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demonstrate flight that is not only more

315
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efficient but also more reliable helping

316
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to advance the future of green aviation

317
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so to tell us more about this exciting

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project I'm pleased to be joined by the

319
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missions principal investigator Sean

320
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Clark

321
00:13:23,340 --> 00:13:20,020
Sean how're you doing I'm great thanks

322
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for having me so this is really exciting

323
00:13:29,580 --> 00:13:25,630
can you tell us more about the x57 what

324
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is it exactly well we're seeing a lot of

325
00:13:33,570 --> 00:13:31,390
new technologies become available we're

326
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starting to have access to electric

327
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motors and batteries that we can use for

328
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aircraft design so on x57 we're actually

329
00:13:44,010 --> 00:13:41,800
putting 14 motors along our aircraft in

330
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order to make a vehicle that is much

331
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more efficient and uses less energy and

332
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has zero carbon emissions in flight it's

333
00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:52,690
pretty impressive so it's clear that

334
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there's some benefits but can you talk a

335
00:14:00,540 --> 00:13:56,560
little bit more about how the x57 may

336
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help our environment absolutely so

337
00:14:04,950 --> 00:14:02,980
because it's using electric motors and

338
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the motors are so lightweight and so

339
00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:06,940
much more reliable we're able to put

340
00:14:10,470 --> 00:14:08,890
them in in really interesting places on

341
00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:10,480
our aircraft we've got our main motor

342
00:14:15,660 --> 00:14:12,850
system out at the wingtips which

343
00:14:17,790 --> 00:14:15,670
actually reduces the aircraft drag and

344
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improves performance by reducing the

345
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:19,930
vortex that forms from from an aircraft

346
00:14:25,380 --> 00:14:23,410
wing and so along with the high

347
00:14:27,330 --> 00:14:25,390
performance wing and our small motors

348
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that help us takeoff and land this

349
00:14:31,230 --> 00:14:29,380
aircraft we'll use about five times less

350
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energy for every mile that it travels

351
00:14:35,199 --> 00:14:33,460
compared to a typical aircraft that you

352
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could buy today

353
00:14:39,319 --> 00:14:37,200
Wow it sounds like there's a lot of

354
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technological advancement going on and

355
00:14:42,340 --> 00:14:40,649
and one of the other things you've

356
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mentioned is about the battery is how to

357
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:44,670
increase you know battery development to

358
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make it higher voltage can you talk a

359
00:14:51,139 --> 00:14:49,110
little bit about that process absolutely

360
00:14:53,210 --> 00:14:51,149
we're actually using Space Station

361
00:14:55,220 --> 00:14:53,220
technology from from the the NASA

362
00:14:58,340 --> 00:14:55,230
research on the International Space

363
00:15:00,259 --> 00:14:58,350
Station and by putting that technology

364
00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:00,269
in our aircraft batteries we're able to

365
00:15:04,819 --> 00:15:02,370
make a battery system that's safe enough

366
00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:04,829
to install next to our pilots but gives

367
00:15:08,870 --> 00:15:06,570
us the energy that we need to perform

368
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:08,880
our experiments so that's been really

369
00:15:12,730 --> 00:15:10,410
critical and it's been something we've

370
00:15:15,980 --> 00:15:12,740
been able to share with industry already

371
00:15:17,269 --> 00:15:15,990
and and speaking of industry you know

372
00:15:19,190 --> 00:15:17,279
what do you see is the future of this

373
00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:19,200
capability how how large can these

374
00:15:24,470 --> 00:15:22,410
planes be well what's so exciting about

375
00:15:26,329 --> 00:15:24,480
this technology is these motors and

376
00:15:28,880 --> 00:15:26,339
these batteries can scale up to larger

377
00:15:31,819 --> 00:15:28,890
and larger aircraft and so our aircraft

378
00:15:34,819 --> 00:15:31,829
will hold room for our test pilot and a

379
00:15:36,380 --> 00:15:34,829
lot of instrumentation but these

380
00:15:38,210 --> 00:15:36,390
technologies will be able to make

381
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:38,220
aircraft that could carry people a

382
00:15:42,170 --> 00:15:40,410
couple hundred miles or across the

383
00:15:46,460 --> 00:15:42,180
country if you make a hybrid version in

384
00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:46,470
the in the future so NASA conducts many

385
00:15:50,750 --> 00:15:47,850
different types of field campaigns

386
00:15:51,860 --> 00:15:50,760
flying airplanes to with instruments to

387
00:15:54,170 --> 00:15:51,870
look in all different types of

388
00:15:56,569 --> 00:15:54,180
environments here on earth you know what

389
00:15:57,710 --> 00:15:56,579
about the potential for flying people

390
00:16:01,340 --> 00:15:57,720
commercially with this type of

391
00:16:03,259 --> 00:16:01,350
technology yeah it's really exciting

392
00:16:05,389 --> 00:16:03,269
this technology isn't ready to fly

393
00:16:07,130 --> 00:16:05,399
commercially right now you wouldn't want

394
00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:07,140
to buy the x57 because it's an

395
00:16:12,350 --> 00:16:09,360
experimental airplane but our

396
00:16:14,750 --> 00:16:12,360
technologies are absolutely applicable

397
00:16:18,670 --> 00:16:14,760
to future markets that there's a lot of

398
00:16:21,139 --> 00:16:18,680
opportunity for urban air taxis or rural

399
00:16:23,090 --> 00:16:21,149
aviation marketplaces opening up due to

400
00:16:24,860 --> 00:16:23,100
electric propulsion and aircraft being

401
00:16:28,460 --> 00:16:24,870
more accessible to the public so I'm

402
00:16:29,750 --> 00:16:28,470
really excited about it so as we're you

403
00:16:31,939 --> 00:16:29,760
know as we're talking about this theme

404
00:16:33,530 --> 00:16:31,949
of technological development you know do

405
00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:33,540
you see an opportunity for this type of

406
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:35,610
technology to be applied for other

407
00:16:43,309 --> 00:16:41,569
absolutely we were actually using some

408
00:16:45,079 --> 00:16:43,319
of the technology from the automotive

409
00:16:46,999 --> 00:16:45,089
industry and the the railway industry

410
00:16:49,129 --> 00:16:47,009
believe it or not

411
00:16:50,839 --> 00:16:49,139
and so helping to understand how do we

412
00:16:53,209 --> 00:16:50,849
can adapt those two aircraft and make

413
00:16:55,099 --> 00:16:53,219
them lightweight and reliable so that we

414
00:16:57,799 --> 00:16:55,109
can we can use them in flight has been

415
00:16:59,989 --> 00:16:57,809
critical but also learning how to take

416
00:17:01,699 --> 00:16:59,999
our software development and and flow

417
00:17:06,319 --> 00:17:01,709
that back into other industries has been

418
00:17:07,879 --> 00:17:06,329
a main goal of ours well this is just a

419
00:17:09,649 --> 00:17:07,889
really impressive project and I guess my

420
00:17:12,350 --> 00:17:09,659
last question is what excites you most

421
00:17:13,909 --> 00:17:12,360
about this inventing and building of

422
00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:13,919
technology to really help our home

423
00:17:19,399 --> 00:17:17,730
planet it's just so exciting to be

424
00:17:21,470 --> 00:17:19,409
working on aircraft right now we're able

425
00:17:23,470 --> 00:17:21,480
to take these new technologies and and

426
00:17:26,439 --> 00:17:23,480
redesign aircraft from the ground up

427
00:17:28,610 --> 00:17:26,449
we're thinking about new and interesting

428
00:17:30,409 --> 00:17:28,620
configurations that will make airplanes

429
00:17:32,330 --> 00:17:30,419
more efficient and more available to the

430
00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:32,340
public so that more people will be able

431
00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:35,370
to travel and and do it cheaply and with

432
00:17:43,190 --> 00:17:39,120
less emissions well thank you so much

433
00:17:44,570 --> 00:17:43,200
for joining us shine yeah thank you you

434
00:17:46,639 --> 00:17:44,580
know it's really exciting to hear about

435
00:17:48,590 --> 00:17:46,649
the new technologies being developed to

436
00:17:50,419 --> 00:17:48,600
create an aircraft completely powered by

437
00:17:52,190 --> 00:17:50,429
batteries you know make sure to follow

438
00:17:56,810 --> 00:17:52,200
the progress of this mission at social

439
00:17:59,450 --> 00:17:56,820
media at NASA Aero so since its founding

440
00:18:01,789 --> 00:17:59,460
in sixty years ago NASA has been a

441
00:18:03,259 --> 00:18:01,799
leading agency known for developing

442
00:18:05,810 --> 00:18:03,269
technologies to send people to space

443
00:18:07,789 --> 00:18:05,820
look at the outermost reaches of the

444
00:18:09,379 --> 00:18:07,799
solar system and beyond but did you know

445
00:18:11,180 --> 00:18:09,389
that the technology is developed to

446
00:18:13,519 --> 00:18:11,190
answer key questions about space

447
00:18:15,919 --> 00:18:13,529
exploration and travel have significant

448
00:18:17,779 --> 00:18:15,929
benefits for us on earth for example did

449
00:18:20,720 --> 00:18:17,789
you know that NASA developed the first

450
00:18:22,369 --> 00:18:20,730
computer mouse in the 1960s to interact

451
00:18:24,919 --> 00:18:22,379
with data on some of the big first

452
00:18:26,659 --> 00:18:24,929
computers and in the 1970s they

453
00:18:28,549 --> 00:18:26,669
developed memory foam to make pilot

454
00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:28,559
seats more comfortable my all-time

455
00:18:33,049 --> 00:18:30,330
favorite though is the invention of

456
00:18:36,139 --> 00:18:33,059
technology to enable the camera phone in

457
00:18:37,970 --> 00:18:36,149
the 1990s which is now pervasive in

458
00:18:41,090 --> 00:18:37,980
camera phone technology and webcams

459
00:18:42,830 --> 00:18:41,100
across across the world so to continue

460
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:42,840
our conversation on how NASA

461
00:18:46,580 --> 00:18:44,610
technologies could help us here on earth

462
00:18:48,859 --> 00:18:46,590
I'd like to bring in innovator Annie

463
00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:48,869
Mayer take a look at some of her and her

464
00:18:53,509 --> 00:18:51,720
team's impressive work on a one-year

465
00:18:55,830 --> 00:18:53,519
mission a crew of four would produce

466
00:18:58,289 --> 00:18:55,840
around 2,500 kilograms

467
00:19:01,320 --> 00:18:58,299
trash I'm Annie Meyer and I'm turning

468
00:19:04,049 --> 00:19:01,330
trash into usable resources we're taking

469
00:19:06,180 --> 00:19:04,059
that trash converting it into gases that

470
00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:06,190
we can use for their venting off a

471
00:19:10,919 --> 00:19:08,890
spacecraft or using it for fuels so I'm

472
00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:10,929
standing in front of what's called Oscar

473
00:19:15,990 --> 00:19:13,570
it not only produces these gases but

474
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:16,000
it's reducing the trash volume no one

475
00:19:19,980 --> 00:19:18,010
likes to sit in a room surrounded by

476
00:19:21,810 --> 00:19:19,990
their trash and neither do astronauts

477
00:19:24,360 --> 00:19:21,820
and so the things we're studying for

478
00:19:26,940 --> 00:19:24,370
converting trash into gases has to be

479
00:19:28,049 --> 00:19:26,950
safe for the crew and therefore safe for

480
00:19:30,149 --> 00:19:28,059
use on the planet

481
00:19:32,669 --> 00:19:30,159
my grandfather was actually a sanitation

482
00:19:36,450 --> 00:19:32,679
worker in the Bronx and so growing up I

483
00:19:38,519 --> 00:19:36,460
was very aware of trash all around us I

484
00:19:40,409 --> 00:19:38,529
was always curious how can we reduce our

485
00:19:42,510 --> 00:19:40,419
waste or convert it but I really try to

486
00:19:45,419 --> 00:19:42,520
take it home with me and do everything

487
00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:45,429
from composting trying to live a zero

488
00:19:48,779 --> 00:19:47,890
waste as you can show others that if I

489
00:19:52,649 --> 00:19:48,789
can do this

490
00:19:54,870 --> 00:19:52,659
you can do it too wow what an amazing

491
00:19:56,789 --> 00:19:54,880
project Annie thank you so much for

492
00:19:59,970 --> 00:19:56,799
joining us here to talk more about Oscar

493
00:20:03,360 --> 00:19:59,980
and answer our questions thank you for

494
00:20:07,710 --> 00:20:03,370
having me so first can you can you tell

495
00:20:09,870 --> 00:20:07,720
us more about Oscar sure we are

496
00:20:12,180 --> 00:20:09,880
converting solid trash that you find on

497
00:20:14,070 --> 00:20:12,190
a space mission into gas so that we can

498
00:20:17,220 --> 00:20:14,080
have a sustainable human presence on

499
00:20:19,289 --> 00:20:17,230
space missions and so it sounds as if

500
00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:19,299
there's a lot of themes but in this

501
00:20:24,870 --> 00:20:21,490
Earth Day of conservation how can this

502
00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:24,880
technology help improve or affect our

503
00:20:29,909 --> 00:20:28,090
lives on earth yeah so on the space

504
00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:29,919
mission we think about everything we

505
00:20:33,299 --> 00:20:31,450
send up there and then we have to think

506
00:20:34,950 --> 00:20:33,309
about how are we going to use every

507
00:20:37,649 --> 00:20:34,960
single drop of what we send up there

508
00:20:39,330 --> 00:20:37,659
into something useful so in our case we

509
00:20:42,330 --> 00:20:39,340
are creating a gas that can be used as a

510
00:20:44,519 --> 00:20:42,340
fuel and if we don't use it as a fuel

511
00:20:46,409 --> 00:20:44,529
we're freeing up space for astronauts

512
00:20:49,950 --> 00:20:46,419
and their spacecraft and venting it

513
00:20:51,779 --> 00:20:49,960
overboard so when we think about back on

514
00:20:55,110 --> 00:20:51,789
earth you know we always have to think

515
00:20:57,240 --> 00:20:55,120
about reduce first so reduce what you're

516
00:20:59,940 --> 00:20:57,250
using before you convert it into

517
00:21:02,010 --> 00:20:59,950
something else and and it's a common

518
00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:02,020
mindset to try and reduce as much as you

519
00:21:08,370 --> 00:21:06,490
can in space so if there's a lot of

520
00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:08,380
technological development here and one

521
00:21:11,350 --> 00:21:09,170
thing I think that's

522
00:21:13,480 --> 00:21:11,360
really inspiring is the fact that Oscar

523
00:21:15,070 --> 00:21:13,490
is an early career initiative project

524
00:21:16,570 --> 00:21:15,080
can you talk a little bit more about how

525
00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:16,580
you and your team develop this

526
00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:20,810
technology sure so most of the people on

527
00:21:26,410 --> 00:21:24,050
our team or engineers or scientists that

528
00:21:28,570 --> 00:21:26,420
had never done a hands-on project before

529
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:28,580
or were very early in their career so we

530
00:21:33,190 --> 00:21:30,410
had to take a lean and agile approach

531
00:21:36,220 --> 00:21:33,200
and take something from just writing on

532
00:21:37,870 --> 00:21:36,230
a piece of paper to a microgravity and

533
00:21:40,030 --> 00:21:37,880
suborbital payload and a little under

534
00:21:44,110 --> 00:21:40,040
two years so it was very fast-paced a

535
00:21:46,420 --> 00:21:44,120
lot of hard work but a lot of fun so

536
00:21:47,980 --> 00:21:46,430
there's a lot of interest at ask NASA so

537
00:21:49,780 --> 00:21:47,990
we're gonna go to social media now where

538
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:49,790
we can talk a bit more about

539
00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:52,010
developments of technologies KT on

540
00:21:56,500 --> 00:21:54,290
Instagram writes how is the process of

541
00:21:57,840 --> 00:21:56,510
recycling different in space than on

542
00:22:01,060 --> 00:21:57,850
earth

543
00:22:04,330 --> 00:22:01,070
sure so the main things I would say are

544
00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:04,340
power and time on earth you have people

545
00:22:08,530 --> 00:22:06,560
that can spend a lot of time separating

546
00:22:11,110 --> 00:22:08,540
out the materials into the different

547
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:11,120
types of materials in space we don't

548
00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:13,010
have a lot of crew time to separate out

549
00:22:16,510 --> 00:22:14,570
the trash so we need to know exactly

550
00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:16,520
what we have up there exactly what needs

551
00:22:20,860 --> 00:22:17,810
to be converted so we can be as

552
00:22:22,660 --> 00:22:20,870
efficient and fast as possible also on

553
00:22:25,180 --> 00:22:22,670
earth you have a lot more power

554
00:22:27,940 --> 00:22:25,190
available to you and you can spend a lot

555
00:22:29,740 --> 00:22:27,950
of energy in your recycling plant in

556
00:22:34,090 --> 00:22:29,750
space we don't have that so everything

557
00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:34,100
like heating and you know heating up

558
00:22:38,410 --> 00:22:35,690
something or converting it with

559
00:22:40,390 --> 00:22:38,420
different sensors has to be done with as

560
00:22:42,550 --> 00:22:40,400
little power as possible because it's

561
00:22:44,170 --> 00:22:42,560
just not there on a spacecraft so it

562
00:22:45,580 --> 00:22:44,180
makes us very innovative in the approach

563
00:22:50,110 --> 00:22:45,590
in the design that we have for this

564
00:22:52,120 --> 00:22:50,120
trash to gas reactor it's exciting to

565
00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:52,130
hear the agility needed and the

566
00:22:55,510 --> 00:22:53,840
interplay between scientists and

567
00:22:57,340 --> 00:22:55,520
technologists and engineers to really

568
00:22:59,020 --> 00:22:57,350
kind of figure out how to advance these

569
00:23:01,120 --> 00:22:59,030
capabilities in a totally different

570
00:23:04,060 --> 00:23:01,130
environment another interesting question

571
00:23:06,670 --> 00:23:04,070
from Special K 162 four on Instagram

572
00:23:08,530 --> 00:23:06,680
asks what's one of the major changes

573
00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:08,540
you've seen from recent technological

574
00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:12,890
advancements in your in your career yeah

575
00:23:17,860 --> 00:23:15,770
so the biggest differences on earth vs.

576
00:23:19,990 --> 00:23:17,870
space waste conversion it's a

577
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:20,000
complicated process on earth but in

578
00:23:24,770 --> 00:23:21,810
space you have things like heat

579
00:23:26,630 --> 00:23:24,780
as for fire and combustion it's all

580
00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:26,640
different in microgravity so we're

581
00:23:32,180 --> 00:23:29,330
spending a lot of time on the physics of

582
00:23:33,980 --> 00:23:32,190
fluid flow and heat transfer and things

583
00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:33,990
like natural convection and buoyancy

584
00:23:37,670 --> 00:23:36,090
it's all different in microgravity so it

585
00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:37,680
changes the approach of how we design

586
00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:40,250
the reactor but also we have a lot of

587
00:23:44,270 --> 00:23:42,570
harmful gases if you just throw trash

588
00:23:47,390 --> 00:23:44,280
into a fire on earth you're gonna create

589
00:23:49,340 --> 00:23:47,400
some bad gases on a spacecraft we need

590
00:23:51,350 --> 00:23:49,350
to protect our crew at all costs so

591
00:23:53,300 --> 00:23:51,360
we're trying innovative approaches to

592
00:23:55,190 --> 00:23:53,310
make it as clean and efficient of a gas

593
00:23:57,230 --> 00:23:55,200
as possible so we're not producing those

594
00:23:59,570 --> 00:23:57,240
harmful byproducts so that's something

595
00:24:02,360 --> 00:23:59,580
that we can take back to earth because

596
00:24:03,770 --> 00:24:02,370
earth is basically a spaceship we forget

597
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:03,780
that sometimes but it's this big

598
00:24:07,270 --> 00:24:05,850
atmosphere protecting our planet so the

599
00:24:09,740 --> 00:24:07,280
technologies were using will hopefully

600
00:24:11,870 --> 00:24:09,750
go back to earth and protect that

601
00:24:16,340 --> 00:24:11,880
atmosphere from processing our own trash

602
00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:16,350
here on earth well Annie thank you so

603
00:24:20,060 --> 00:24:17,970
much for joining us it's been a pleasure

604
00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:20,070
talking to you and exciting exciting to

605
00:24:25,190 --> 00:24:22,050
hear about the evolution and the

606
00:24:29,030 --> 00:24:25,200
developments of Oscar thanks for having

607
00:24:30,770 --> 00:24:29,040
me happy Earth Day at the earth Day so

608
00:24:32,810 --> 00:24:30,780
while Annie and her team are working

609
00:24:35,360 --> 00:24:32,820
towards innovative ways to manage waste

610
00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:35,370
in space and on earth our final guest

611
00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:37,290
today is looking at how human pressures

612
00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:39,930
may be changing our oceans using the

613
00:24:43,790 --> 00:24:41,970
power of the global community this nest

614
00:24:46,460 --> 00:24:43,800
research project has developed an

615
00:24:48,830 --> 00:24:46,470
interactive app to characterize coral

616
00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:48,840
reef ecosystems around the world with

617
00:24:54,980 --> 00:24:51,800
unprecedented accuracy let's take a look

618
00:24:57,650 --> 00:24:54,990
what if you could help NASA create a map

619
00:24:58,450 --> 00:24:57,660
of the ocean floor with just the tip of

620
00:24:59,560 --> 00:24:58,460
your finger

621
00:25:03,729 --> 00:24:59,570
[Music]

622
00:25:06,820 --> 00:25:03,739
the ocean teeming with life it defines

623
00:25:10,060 --> 00:25:06,830
our blue planet drives our ecosystem and

624
00:25:11,950 --> 00:25:10,070
regulates our climate coral reefs are

625
00:25:13,719 --> 00:25:11,960
one of the most diverse and important

626
00:25:15,310 --> 00:25:13,729
systems in the ocean they're also

627
00:25:16,690 --> 00:25:15,320
becoming an important source of

628
00:25:19,299 --> 00:25:16,700
medicines for some of the world's

629
00:25:21,159 --> 00:25:19,309
deadliest diseases but they are dying at

630
00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:21,169
unprecedented rates due to rising

631
00:25:25,629 --> 00:25:23,570
temperatures but we don't know how much

632
00:25:28,899 --> 00:25:25,639
we're losing or how much our climate is

633
00:25:31,029 --> 00:25:28,909
changing we can't until we determine how

634
00:25:33,099 --> 00:25:31,039
much healthy reef exists now

635
00:25:34,539 --> 00:25:33,109
and the only way we can know that is

636
00:25:36,849 --> 00:25:34,549
with your help

637
00:25:39,039 --> 00:25:36,859
NASA Nemo net is a game where you

638
00:25:41,139 --> 00:25:39,049
classify the world's coral reefs by

639
00:25:43,060 --> 00:25:41,149
painting on real-life images

640
00:25:45,129 --> 00:25:43,070
scan from the ocean floor using a

641
00:25:47,399 --> 00:25:45,139
revolutionary instrument that lets us

642
00:25:50,979 --> 00:25:47,409
see beneath the waves at unprecedented

643
00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:50,989
resolutions our oceans are so vast it

644
00:25:55,269 --> 00:25:53,090
would take us 2 million years to

645
00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:55,279
classify the world's coral reefs by hand

646
00:26:00,039 --> 00:25:57,919
the classifications you create are sent

647
00:26:02,049 --> 00:26:00,049
to our teams of NASA scientists at home

648
00:26:04,289 --> 00:26:02,059
base to teach our supercomputer to

649
00:26:07,180 --> 00:26:04,299
classify coral reefs on a global scale

650
00:26:10,180 --> 00:26:07,190
every contribution you make brings us

651
00:26:12,430 --> 00:26:10,190
closer to solving this problem join the

652
00:26:15,219 --> 00:26:12,440
NASA team to help us understand these

653
00:26:17,529 --> 00:26:15,229
amazing ecosystems take command of your

654
00:26:20,739 --> 00:26:17,539
research vessel and learn about all the

655
00:26:24,099 --> 00:26:20,749
different types of calls we must keep

656
00:26:26,769 --> 00:26:24,109
the ocean alive it supports our life as

657
00:26:29,529 --> 00:26:26,779
we know it together we can create a

658
00:26:31,479 --> 00:26:29,539
global data set of coral reefs and build

659
00:26:34,599 --> 00:26:31,489
a better understanding of how to save

660
00:26:37,989 --> 00:26:34,609
these aquatic worlds one piece of coral

661
00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:37,999
at a time good luck and welcome to the

662
00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:39,530
NASA Nemo net team

663
00:26:54,310 --> 00:26:51,940
Wow what a cool app well joining me now

664
00:26:56,650 --> 00:26:54,320
is venture riot who's a NASA scientist

665
00:26:58,270 --> 00:26:56,660
and Nemo net principal investigator but

666
00:26:59,980 --> 00:26:58,280
thank you so much for being here and

667
00:27:02,440 --> 00:26:59,990
what a great way to engage the public in

668
00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:02,450
scientific discovery Thank You Dahlia a

669
00:27:07,270 --> 00:27:05,960
happy Earth Day thank you before we talk

670
00:27:11,350 --> 00:27:07,280
a little bit more about the app can you

671
00:27:14,470 --> 00:27:11,360
tell me more about Nemo net sure so Nemo

672
00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:14,480
net started in 2016 as actually a way to

673
00:27:18,970 --> 00:27:17,090
study and process all of these really

674
00:27:20,350 --> 00:27:18,980
high resolution data sets that an

675
00:27:22,510 --> 00:27:20,360
instrument called fluid cam was

676
00:27:25,330 --> 00:27:22,520
generating so we started on the NASA

677
00:27:26,830 --> 00:27:25,340
supercomputer and the challenge grew to

678
00:27:28,990 --> 00:27:26,840
how do we process all of these high

679
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:29,000
resolution data sets from coral reefs

680
00:27:32,620 --> 00:27:30,410
from around the world and that

681
00:27:37,150 --> 00:27:32,630
eventually grew into a citizen science

682
00:27:39,070 --> 00:27:37,160
app that you can now play so what do you

683
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:39,080
find to be the coolest part of this app

684
00:27:45,310 --> 00:27:43,010
what do you hear from users for me this

685
00:27:46,870 --> 00:27:45,320
is really just a chance to explore our

686
00:27:47,770 --> 00:27:46,880
Earth's oceans like we've never seen

687
00:27:50,590 --> 00:27:47,780
them before

688
00:27:53,290 --> 00:27:50,600
only 6% of our ocean floor is mapped as

689
00:27:55,240 --> 00:27:53,300
of 2020 that we've mapped all of Mars in

690
00:27:57,070 --> 00:27:55,250
the moon at a spatial resolution of 30

691
00:27:59,470 --> 00:27:57,080
meters or finer and it's really

692
00:28:01,900 --> 00:27:59,480
surprising because we get so much from

693
00:28:04,299 --> 00:28:01,910
the ocean coral reefs in particular are

694
00:28:06,130 --> 00:28:04,309
just an amazing source of biodiversity

695
00:28:07,750 --> 00:28:06,140
on our planet they support all these

696
00:28:10,210 --> 00:28:07,760
life-forms in the open ocean that we

697
00:28:12,370 --> 00:28:10,220
rely on and actually you know during

698
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:12,380
this viral pandemic now more than ever I

699
00:28:15,669 --> 00:28:14,210
think about the importance of all the

700
00:28:18,430 --> 00:28:15,679
medicines we get from coral reefs

701
00:28:19,930 --> 00:28:18,440
leading antiviral medications like AZT

702
00:28:22,360 --> 00:28:19,940
which turned around the HIV epidemic

703
00:28:25,270 --> 00:28:22,370
we're first discovered in reef systems

704
00:28:27,190 --> 00:28:25,280
so for me it's it's exciting because you

705
00:28:28,870 --> 00:28:27,200
you get to explore and see these

706
00:28:31,060 --> 00:28:28,880
datasets coming from our fluid chem

707
00:28:33,100 --> 00:28:31,070
instrument which is the first instrument

708
00:28:36,220 --> 00:28:33,110
that's able to peel back the ocean wave

709
00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:36,230
distortion and actually map the seafloor

710
00:28:41,650 --> 00:28:38,690
in shallow areas at the centimeter scale

711
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:41,660
and in the game you not only get to

712
00:28:45,580 --> 00:28:43,010
explore these environments but also

713
00:28:47,410 --> 00:28:45,590
color them and as you color all of that

714
00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:47,420
data gets sent to our supercomputer

715
00:28:51,790 --> 00:28:50,090
which is able to study coral on a global

716
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:51,800
scale by creating a machine learning

717
00:28:54,290 --> 00:28:53,690
model with all the training data that

718
00:28:57,620 --> 00:28:54,300
users

719
00:28:59,750 --> 00:28:57,630
like you provided this is amazing

720
00:29:03,890 --> 00:28:59,760
technology do you see any other places

721
00:29:06,410 --> 00:29:03,900
this could be applied yes this is

722
00:29:09,020 --> 00:29:06,420
actually the first time 3d data has been

723
00:29:11,930 --> 00:29:09,030
classified by citizen scientists and it

724
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:11,940
opens up an entire new way to study the

725
00:29:17,540 --> 00:29:14,970
world humans rely on our stereo vision

726
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:17,550
our 3d vision to separate items out in

727
00:29:21,770 --> 00:29:20,010
fact if you google Chihuahua and

728
00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:21,780
blueberry muffin and you'll find that

729
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:24,090
this is still a difficult problem for

730
00:29:28,250 --> 00:29:26,010
computers to separate out the faces of

731
00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:28,260
Chihuahua dogs and muffins look very

732
00:29:32,210 --> 00:29:30,690
similar but once you have 3d data you

733
00:29:34,820 --> 00:29:32,220
can actually separate those two things

734
00:29:37,910 --> 00:29:34,830
out so for an Evo net one of the

735
00:29:39,950 --> 00:29:37,920
applications we're looking at is going

736
00:29:43,340 --> 00:29:39,960
to Mars and the moon and other planetary

737
00:29:46,310 --> 00:29:43,350
bodies and looking for signs of life on

738
00:29:48,170 --> 00:29:46,320
earth we actually used fluid cam to

739
00:29:49,790 --> 00:29:48,180
study things called stromatolites in

740
00:29:51,140 --> 00:29:49,800
Western Australia now these are the

741
00:29:52,340 --> 00:29:51,150
first life-forms on earth

742
00:29:54,050 --> 00:29:52,350
they've been around three and a half

743
00:29:56,420 --> 00:29:54,060
billion years and they form these very

744
00:29:58,430 --> 00:29:56,430
strange-looking rocks and they're still

745
00:30:00,770 --> 00:29:58,440
living in this area in Western Australia

746
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:00,780
so we were able to map them using fluid

747
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:03,210
cam and then using a tool like Nemo net

748
00:30:07,310 --> 00:30:05,610
where we train what is considered a

749
00:30:09,350 --> 00:30:07,320
living organism and not we're actually

750
00:30:12,320 --> 00:30:09,360
able to separate out the stromatolites

751
00:30:14,870 --> 00:30:12,330
whether their fossilized or living from

752
00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:14,880
rocks and that's really the you know a

753
00:30:19,310 --> 00:30:16,890
life detection instrument being able to

754
00:30:21,170 --> 00:30:19,320
separate out these 3d structures and

755
00:30:23,330 --> 00:30:21,180
identify that the living organisms or

756
00:30:24,860 --> 00:30:23,340
they were the new organisms so as we

757
00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:24,870
venture out into the solar system and

758
00:30:29,030 --> 00:30:27,180
the universe I think what's exciting

759
00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:29,040
about Nemo net is that we can bring

760
00:30:33,170 --> 00:30:31,170
these advanced 3d machine learning tools

761
00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:33,180
to study in different worlds and

762
00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:35,130
directing the areas that we want to send

763
00:30:40,790 --> 00:30:38,970
our next Rovers to this is amazing I

764
00:30:42,650 --> 00:30:40,800
mean we've been hearing throughout the

765
00:30:44,420 --> 00:30:42,660
course of this show about how you know

766
00:30:46,040 --> 00:30:44,430
we can take technologies develop spur

767
00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:46,050
space and apply them on earth but it's

768
00:30:51,170 --> 00:30:48,450
really exciting to have the analog on

769
00:30:53,090 --> 00:30:51,180
earth to look into space so just we'd

770
00:30:55,430 --> 00:30:53,100
love to take some questions from axe ask

771
00:30:57,230 --> 00:30:55,440
NASA and one question is from Shannon on

772
00:31:00,740 --> 00:30:57,240
Instagram you know what got you

773
00:31:02,630 --> 00:31:00,750
interested in coral reef studies yeah

774
00:31:04,810 --> 00:31:02,640
I've actually an astrophysicist by

775
00:31:07,770 --> 00:31:04,820
training and I met dr.

776
00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:07,780
you'll see in Nemo net video game and

777
00:31:12,250 --> 00:31:10,370
two minutes with sylvia earle had me

778
00:31:14,500 --> 00:31:12,260
convinced that i needed to point my gaze

779
00:31:17,110 --> 00:31:14,510
from the sky it down into our own ocean

780
00:31:19,420 --> 00:31:17,120
the amount of information we don't know

781
00:31:23,830 --> 00:31:19,430
about something that is so important to

782
00:31:26,110 --> 00:31:23,840
us to me just makes it an instant

783
00:31:28,180 --> 00:31:26,120
switchover I mean studying the ocean has

784
00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:28,190
been incredibly fulfilling career so far

785
00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:30,650
I've got to interact with animals and

786
00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:33,170
see life in a completely different way

787
00:31:37,330 --> 00:31:35,330
and I hope that everyone playing Nemo

788
00:31:39,220 --> 00:31:37,340
net gets that same experience enjoy

789
00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:39,230
without all of the labors of wearing

790
00:31:44,260 --> 00:31:41,450
scuba gear or having to travel to these

791
00:31:46,510 --> 00:31:44,270
remote areas and swim and snorkel out to

792
00:31:48,640 --> 00:31:46,520
find life-forms but it's just it's a

793
00:31:52,150 --> 00:31:48,650
very special place and you begin to

794
00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:52,160
realize that the ocean is really what

795
00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:53,930
dominates our planet and we've lived on

796
00:31:57,220 --> 00:31:55,970
this tiny little slice of land our whole

797
00:32:00,070 --> 00:31:57,230
lives but we don't really fully

798
00:32:02,980 --> 00:32:00,080
understand how our planet works unless

799
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:02,990
we understand the ocean well thank you

800
00:32:06,370 --> 00:32:04,610
so much you've definitely inspired me

801
00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:06,380
and how can others be inspired and get

802
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:09,620
involved with the app so I encourage

803
00:32:13,570 --> 00:32:11,450
everybody to get involved in the app and

804
00:32:15,490 --> 00:32:13,580
also in your community you can download

805
00:32:18,550 --> 00:32:15,500
the Nemo net app in the App Store right

806
00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:18,560
now for desktop and iOS devices and it

807
00:32:26,050 --> 00:32:20,960
can also visit our homepage at Nemo net

808
00:32:28,060 --> 00:32:26,060
info great well thank you so much for

809
00:32:29,980 --> 00:32:28,070
joining us so that's about all for our

810
00:32:32,530 --> 00:32:29,990
show today thank you so much for joining

811
00:32:34,390 --> 00:32:32,540
us on today the 50th anniversary of

812
00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:34,400
Earth Day if you want to find out all

813
00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:36,050
the ways you can get involved please

814
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:39,350
visit nasa.gov slash Earth Day nASA has

815
00:32:43,510 --> 00:32:41,810
launched a NASA at home website where

816
00:32:46,540 --> 00:32:43,520
you can find lots of different resources

817
00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:46,550
videos podcasts and activities to learn

818
00:32:51,250 --> 00:32:48,890
more about NASA's exciting technology

819
00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:51,260
and science also follow the hashtag

820
00:32:55,990 --> 00:32:53,540
Earth Day at home for a schedule of

821
00:32:57,490 --> 00:32:56,000
activities in honor of Earth Day thank

822
00:33:00,190 --> 00:32:57,500
you so much for joining us and we hope

823
00:33:01,950 --> 00:33:00,200
to see you next time